持续推进“地趴粮”整治******
农户科学储粮关系农民增收和国家粮食安全。今年东北三省一区粮食产量占全国粮食产量的比重超过26%,保障国家粮食安全“压舱石”作用凸显。然而,东北“地趴粮”现象仍然存在,农户储粮损失仍然较为严重。
“地趴粮”是存在于我国东北和西北地区的一种传统储粮方式,以玉米储存为主。新收获的玉米水分大,每年秋收之后脱粒之前,农民习惯将新收获的玉米堆放在院子里或者地里晾晒。中国农业大学经济管理学院教授武拉平认为,北方“地趴粮”形成的主要原因,是农户储藏设施缺乏。“地趴粮”容易被鼠咬虫蛀鸟食,遇到雨雪天气,极易发生霉变坏粮。应引导农户科学储粮安全储粮,确保农民增产增收,增加粮食有效供给。
建设完善立体储粮设施
吉林四平市双辽市卧虎镇前六家子村党支部书记、种粮大户王艳秋今年种了4500亩玉米,由于储粮设施投入不足,只储存了十分之一左右的玉米穗,其余全部卖掉了。王艳秋说,明年要整村推进“地趴粮”整治,争取把新收获的玉米尽可能储存起来,择机售粮,实现种粮收益最大化。
让“地趴粮”站起来,折射出农户储粮方式的变化。吉林省粮食和物资储备局仓储管理处处长冯锡仲介绍,吉林省加大财政资金支持力度,根据农户庭院储粮条件和经济状况,支持引导农户通过搭栈子、上楼子、码趟子以及搭建风道、建设简洁安全的钢结构立体储粮装具等方式,实现简易立体储粮;对劳动力不足的农户,鼓励利用村集体建设用地、闲置区域等,集中搭建立体储粮设施;对种粮大户、农业合作社等新型农业经营主体,利用现有仓储设施资源开展粮食产后服务,为他们提供“即时结算、延期服务、代烘干代储存”等服务,推动农户储粮方式向“存粮在库”精细化管理转变。
为减少农户储粮损失,2017年国家启动实施优质粮食工程,在全国建设粮食产后服务中心,为农户提供代清理、代烘干、代储存、代销售、代加工等“五代”服务。
乘着国家政策的东风,东北主产区持续推进农户安全储粮及推进“地趴粮”整治。黑龙江高度重视农户储粮减损,2018年至2020年期间,推广搭建了农户科学储粮装具11.41万套,全部投入使用每年可实现科学棒储玉米226.26万吨、减损6.16万吨。吉林省持续推进农户安全储粮工作,截止到2022年11月底,吉林全省农户立体储粮率达到90.5%,计划到2024年底全省消除“地趴粮”。
科学储粮实现减损增收
近年来,东北“地趴粮”逐渐减少,农户储粮损失大幅下降。据中国农业大学粮食经济研究团队2022年10月对全国27个省(区市)4548个农户的问卷调查结果显示,东北三省37.11%的玉米种植户收获后没有销售,以玉米楼子、栈子、吊子等储藏方式储存的玉米占25%;金属仓储存占19.44%,袋装占15.28%,“趴地”玉米所占比重不是很大,农户玉米储藏环节平均损失率为4.01%。
储粮环节是影响农民种粮收益的最后环节。现在东北农户摒弃“地趴粮”落后的储粮方式,实现立体储粮,可择机择价售粮,增强农户市场议价能力,实现好粮卖好价。黑龙江海林市长汀镇平安村村民卞树军告诉记者,他今年种了180亩玉米,把玉米穗储存到“玉米楼子”里,计划明年夏天再卖,期待卖个好价。
今年我国粮食再次实现高位增产,但粮食紧平衡的格局未变。冯锡仲说,改善储粮条件,消灭“地趴粮”,增强农户抵御风险的能力,减少粮食损失,再造“无形良田”,相当于增加了粮食有效供给;降低粮食生霉和坏粮风险,提高粮食品质,相当于提供优质粮源;粮食经过自然通风降水,达到安全水分,不需要烘干降水,实现了绿色可持续发展。
形成“地趴粮”整治合力
多年来有关部门一直倡议消灭“地趴粮”,但是东北地区“地趴粮”仍然存在,改善农户储粮条件,降低农户储粮损失还有较长的路要走。《粮食节约行动方案》明确指出,要支持引导农户科学储粮,在东北地区推广农户节约简捷高效储粮装具,逐步解决“地趴粮”问题。
“地趴粮”问题的形成既有地理环境、自然条件、风俗习惯等客观因素,也有思想行动等主观因素。冯锡仲告诉记者,吉林省粮食和物资储备局成立了工作专班,全力推进“地趴粮”整治工作。采取县市自查自评、省级部门核查和省级现场抽查相结合的方式,对县市“地趴粮”整治情况进行年度考核。
“地趴粮”形成的根子在思想,症结在储粮设施缺乏。武拉平认为,从中央到地方,都应积极采取措施消除“地趴粮”现象。应继续推广玉米籽粒收割,对玉米籽粒适当晾晒或烘干后进行销售或储藏。对于不宜或没有进行籽粒收割的农户,地方政府应适当支持农户建设玉米栈子或者玉米楼子等简易储粮设施进行离地立体储粮。对于没有较好储藏条件的农户,村集体应充分利用集体建设用地建设乡村集中储粮点,避免储粮不当带来损失。
粮食产后服务体系建设是优质粮食工程的重要内容,为农户储粮提供专业化社会化服务,能够有效解决农户储粮难的问题。武拉平认为,国家应继续实施优质粮食工程,建设更多粮食产后服务中心,并积极鼓励粮食产后服务中心与农民合作社、家庭农场、种粮大户合作,不断提升农户科学储粮减损能力。(记者刘 慧)
中新网评:美国众议长选举“连续剧”暴露美式民主痼疾******
中新网北京1月9日电(蒋鲤)在15轮投票表决后,美国众议院议长选举这场“连续剧”终于落下帷幕,众议院共和党领袖凯文·麦卡锡最终成功当选第55任美国众议院议长。这是美国国会过去164年来耗时最久的一次议长选举记录,将美国“对抗式民主”的弊端暴露无遗。
资料图:美国众议院共和党领袖麦卡锡。中新社记者 沙晗汀摄
由于两党对立加剧、党派内斗、利益分配不均等因素,众议长选举陷入一场拉锯战。在此次众议长竞选中,美国民主党议员继续抱团,多轮投票中,一票不投麦卡锡,共和党右翼“强硬派”领头的约20人小团体也拒绝投票麦卡锡。
麦卡锡的当选之路一波三折,除了本人的“政治投机派”角色在国会不受欢迎外,与共和党内部政治分歧关系密切。
一方面,共和党党内反对者认为,麦卡锡对民主党态度过于软弱,无力对抗民主党控制的参议院和拜登政府,另一方面,因为共和党的多数优势微弱,党内一些影响力较小的派系的政治力量则被放大,有利于他们巩固自己的选票。
此外,党内反对者也认为,自己的选票没有换取更多利益,希望以此作为筹码换取麦卡锡更大的让步,比如让他们获得众议院重要委员会中的职务。
作为仅次于美国总统、副总统的政坛三号人物,众议院议长通常由众议院多数党领袖担任,选举几乎没有悬念。然而,麦卡锡此次为当选,不得不做出多个关键让步,其中可能包括恢复一项罢黜议长动议机制,使得众议长的权力被削弱,难以掌控众议院。
美国有线电视新闻网CNN称,麦卡锡在这场不合时宜的政治勒索中作出让步,这种绥靖政策只会让极端主义势力更加强大。
这场引发全世界围观的尴尬选举暴露出美国政治存在严重的对立和分化。在权力博弈思维的裹挟下,党派利益凌驾于国家和人民利益之上,美国两党相互拆台,陷入“为反对而反对”的无脑对垒。而即便是一党内,也会因为利益分配问题产生不同的小派系,相互对抗,选票变成了谋利益的工具。
从国会山骚乱到打破记历史记录的15轮众议长选举,“对抗式民主”让美国政治陷入瓶颈,长期对抗势必会让政客们丧失客观公正的判断能力,其政治阶层是否有能力治理国家也会引发质疑。
两党之争和党派内斗进一步放大了美国政治体制弊病,美国所谓的“民主”形象,让全世界大跌眼镜。鼓吹以选民利益为先的美式选举,变成了政客们利益置换的游戏,进一步彰显出美国“民主政治”日渐失能,不断极化的党争已使美国政治制度陷入死循环。
House speaker election reveals deep-rooted problems in U.S. democracy
(ECNS) -- The Republican leader Kevin McCarthy was elected as the 55th speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives after 15 ballots. As the most grueling House speaker election in the past 164 years, the election has highlighted the defects of the country’s "confrontational democracy".
The election once reached a stalemate due to intense partisan strife, inner-party struggle among the Republicans, uneven distribution of interests, and more. Democratic Party members forged a close alliance, refusing to vote for McCarthy, while about 20 Republicans also declined to cast ballots for the GOP leader.
Except for his unpopular role as a "political speculator" in Congress, McCarthy’s hard-won election can be attributed to turmoil within the Republican Party.
On the one hand, opponents in the Republican Party believe that the GOP leader's attitude toward the Democrats is too weak to confront the Senate controlled by Democrats and the Biden administration.
On the other hand, the political power of some less influential factions in the Republican Party has been amplified due to the Party’s weak majority advantage in the House of Representatives, which is conducive to consolidating their ticket warehouses.
Meanwhile, these opponents believe that their votes failed to win them more benefits, hoping to use this as a bargaining chip for McCarthy's further concessions, such as getting them positions in important House Committees.
As the third political figure after the President and Vice President of the U.S., the speaker, by tradition, is the head of the majority party in the House of Representatives.
But McCarthy has made many concessions in order to bring the ultra conservatives along, involving what’s known as the “motion to vacate,” a mechanism by which members can force a vote to depose the speaker. The reported concessions will empower individual members at the expense of McCarthy’s sway as speaker.
CNN thought the concessions he made during this unseemly political shakedown would only make the extremist faction more powerful.
This embarrassing election, which has drawn global attention, exposed the serious opposition and polarization in American politics. Both Democrats and Republicans put their interests before that of the country and its people, attacking and opposing each other irrationally.
Besides, different factions arise within a single party and confront each other because of the distribution of interests. Votes have become a tool to win more benefits.
From Capitol riots to the House Speaker election with record-breaking ballots, "confrontational democracy" has become a bottleneck of American politics. Long-term confrontation will surely impede politicians to think objectively and fairly while their capacity of governing the country will also raise doubts among the public.
Both parties’ struggle and infighting among the Republicans have further amplified the defects of the American political system, with its "democratic" image shocking the world.
The U.S.-style election, which advocates putting voters' interests first, has become a game of interest exchange among politicians. In addition, it further demonstrates the malfunction of American "democratic politics" and the constantly polarized party struggle that has trapped the American political system into an infinite cycle.
(文图:赵筱尘 巫邓炎)